Not in the way people mean by lying, but the distinction matters less than vendors would like, and the reason chatbots produce confident falsehoods is now well documented.

Fabricated citations have been submitted to courts in over a thousand documented proceedings. Here are the cases that established the pattern, and what the sanctions now look like.

Cases where an AI system's invented output produced a legal ruling, a sanction or a published correction, each one on the record, none of them anecdotal.

The most rigorous study to date found a significant problem in 45% of AI answers about the news. Here is what that number covers, what it does not, and why a single accuracy figure is misleading.

A practical answer: trust it by category, not in general. Here is where the failure rate is measurably high, where it is low, and the checks worth doing.